Corrections, Errata, and Retractions Policy

 

The journal is committed to maintaining the accuracy and integrity of the scholarly record. Where errors or concerns are identified in published articles, appropriate actions will be taken in a transparent and timely manner.

Corrections (errata/corrigenda): Minor errors that do not affect the validity of the research, such as typographical mistakes or author details, will be corrected through a corrigendum. These notices will be linked to the original article.

Corrections for substantive errors: If errors are identified that affect the interpretation of the findings but do not invalidate the overall conclusions, a formal correction will be published and clearly linked to the original article.

Retractions: The journal may retract an article after publication if serious issues are identified that make the findings unreliable or violate publication ethics. Grounds for retraction include fabricated or falsified data, plagiarism, duplicate publication, major methodological errors that invalidate the results, absence of required ethical approval, or authorship fraud.

Concerns may be raised by authors, editors, reviewers, or readers. The editorial team will review the evidence and provide the authors an opportunity to respond before a decision is made.

If an article is retracted, the journal will publish a retraction notice explaining the reason for the retraction. The original article will remain available online to preserve the scholarly record but will be clearly marked as Retracted and linked to the notice.

Expressions of concern: Where serious concerns have been raised but an investigation is ongoing or inconclusive, the journal may publish an expression of concern to alert readers.